Lalacewa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da lalatabawullalacewa. Saboda haka, a cikinbawulkariya, hana lalata bawul muhimmin batu ne da za a yi la'akari da shi.
Bawulsiffar tsatsa
Tsatsar karafa galibi tana faruwa ne sakamakon tsatsar sinadarai da kuma tsatsar lantarki, kuma tsatsar kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba galibi tana faruwa ne sakamakon ayyukan sinadarai da na zahiri kai tsaye.
1. Tsatsa mai guba
A ƙarƙashin yanayin da babu wani ƙarfin lantarki da aka samar, hanyar da ke kewaye tana amsawa kai tsaye da ƙarfen kuma tana lalata shi, kamar tsatsa ta ƙarfe ta hanyar iskar gas mai zafi da kuma maganin da ba na lantarki ba.
2. Tsatsa mai ƙarfi
Karfe yana hulɗa da electrolyte, wanda ke haifar da kwararar electrons, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar aikin electrochemical, wanda shine babban nau'in tsatsa.
Tsatsa ta hanyar amfani da gishirin da aka saba amfani da shi a matsayin tushen acid, tsatsa ta yanayi, tsatsa ta ƙasa, tsatsa ta ruwa, tsatsa ta ƙwayoyin cuta, tsatsa mai zurfi da tsatsa ta bakin ƙarfe, da sauransu, duk tsatsa ce ta lantarki. Tsatsa ta lantarki ba wai kawai tana faruwa ne tsakanin abubuwa biyu waɗanda za su iya taka rawa a sinadarai ba, har ma tana haifar da bambance-bambance masu yuwuwa saboda bambancin yawan ruwan, bambancin yawan iskar oxygen da ke kewaye, ɗan bambanci kaɗan a cikin tsarin abu, da sauransu, kuma tana samun ƙarfin tsatsa, ta yadda ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfin aiki da matsayin farantin rana mai bushewa zai ɓace.
Yawan lalata bawul
Ana iya raba ƙimar lalata zuwa aji shida:
(1) Gaba ɗaya yana jure tsatsa: ƙimar tsatsa ba ta wuce 0.001 mm/shekara ba
(2) Juriyar tsatsa mai matuƙar ƙarfi: ƙimar tsatsa 0.001 zuwa 0.01 mm/shekara
(3) Juriyar tsatsa: ƙimar tsatsa 0.01 zuwa 0.1 mm/shekara
(4) Har yanzu yana jure tsatsa: ƙimar tsatsa 0.1 zuwa 1.0 mm/shekara
(5) Rashin juriya ga tsatsa: ƙimar tsatsa 1.0 zuwa 10 mm/shekara
(6) Ba ya jure tsatsa: ƙimar tsatsa ta fi 10 mm/shekara
Matakan hana lalata guda tara
1. Zaɓi kayan da ke jure tsatsa bisa ga matsakaicin lalata
A zahirin samarwa, tsatsa ta hanyar amfani da matsakaiciyar tana da matuƙar rikitarwa, koda kuwa kayan bawul ɗin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin matsakaici ɗaya iri ɗaya ne, yawan amfani da su, zafin jiki da matsin lamba na matsakaiciyar sun bambanta, kuma tsatsa ta hanyar amfani da kayan ba iri ɗaya ba ne. Ga kowace ƙaruwar zafin jiki na 10°C a cikin matsakaicin zafi, ƙimar tsatsa tana ƙaruwa da kusan sau 1-3.
Matsakaicin yawan sinadarin yana da tasiri sosai ga tsatsawar kayan bawul, kamar gubar tana cikin sinadarin sulfuric acid tare da ƙaramin yawan sinadarin, tsatsa tana da ƙanƙanta sosai, kuma idan yawan sinadarin ya wuce kashi 96%, tsatsa tana ƙaruwa sosai. Akasin haka, ƙarfen carbon yana da mafi munin tsatsa lokacin da yawan sinadarin sulfuric acid ya kai kusan kashi 50%, kuma lokacin da yawan sinadarin ya ƙaru zuwa sama da kashi 60%, tsatsa tana raguwa sosai. Misali, aluminum yana da matuƙar tsatsa a cikin sinadarin nitric acid tare da yawan sinadarin da ya kai fiye da kashi 80%, amma yana da matuƙar tsatsa a cikin matsakaicin yawan sinadarin nitric acid, kuma ƙarfen bakin ƙarfe yana da matuƙar juriya ga tsatsawar sinadarin nitric acid, amma yana ƙara ta'azzara a cikin sinadarin nitric acid mai ƙarfi fiye da kashi 95%.
Daga misalan da ke sama, za a iya ganin cewa zaɓin kayan bawul ɗin da ya dace ya kamata ya dogara ne akan takamaiman yanayin, a bincika abubuwa daban-daban da ke shafar tsatsa, sannan a zaɓi kayan bisa ga littattafan hana tsatsa da suka dace.
2. Yi amfani da kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba
Juriyar tsatsa wadda ba ta ƙarfe ba ta da kyau, matuƙar zafin jiki da matsin lamba na bawul ɗin sun cika buƙatun kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba, ba wai kawai zai iya magance matsalar tsatsa ba, har ma zai iya ceton ƙarfe masu daraja. Ana yin jikin bawul ɗin, bonnet, rufi, saman rufewa da sauran kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba da ake amfani da su akai-akai.
Ana amfani da robobi kamar PTFE da polyether mai sinadarin chlorine, da kuma robar halitta, robar neoprene, robar nitrile da sauran roba don rufin bawul, kuma babban jikin murfin jikin bawul an yi shi ne da ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai carbon. Ba wai kawai yana tabbatar da ƙarfin bawul ɗin ba, har ma yana tabbatar da cewa bawul ɗin bai lalace ba.
A zamanin yau, ana amfani da robobi da yawa kamar nailan da PTFE, kuma ana amfani da roba ta halitta da roba ta roba don yin wurare daban-daban na rufewa da zoben rufewa, waɗanda ake amfani da su akan bawuloli daban-daban. Waɗannan kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba waɗanda ake amfani da su azaman wuraren rufewa ba wai kawai suna da kyakkyawan juriya ga tsatsa ba, har ma suna da kyakkyawan aikin rufewa, wanda ya dace musamman don amfani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai tare da barbashi. Tabbas, ba su da ƙarfi kuma suna jure zafi, kuma kewayon aikace-aikacen yana da iyaka.
3. Maganin saman ƙarfe
(1) Haɗin bawul: Ana amfani da katantanwar haɗin bawul wajen yin amfani da galvanizing, chrome plating, da oxidation (shuɗi) don inganta ikon jure tsatsa a yanayi da matsakaicin tsatsa. Baya ga hanyoyin da aka ambata a sama, ana kuma yi wa wasu maƙallan magani da maganin saman kamar phosphating gwargwadon yanayin.
(2) Rufe saman da sassan da aka rufe da ƙaramin diamita: ana amfani da hanyoyin saman kamar nitriding da boronizing don inganta juriyar tsatsa da juriyar lalacewa.
(3) Tsarin hana lalata tushe: nitriding, boronization, chrome plating, nickel plating da sauran hanyoyin magance su ana amfani da su sosai don inganta juriyar tsatsa, juriyar tsatsa da juriyar gogewa.
Ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyoyin magance surface daban-daban don kayan tushe daban-daban da yanayin aiki, a cikin yanayi, matsakaicin tururin ruwa da kuma asbestos marufi tushe, ana iya amfani da tauri chrome plating, tsarin nitriding gas (bakin karfe bai kamata ya yi amfani da tsarin nitriding ion ba): a cikin yanayin yanayi na hydrogen sulfide ta amfani da electroplating, babban phosphorus nickel shafi yana da mafi kyawun aikin kariya; 38CrMOAIA kuma yana iya jure tsatsa ta hanyar ion da gas nitriding, amma tauri chrome shafi bai dace da amfani ba; 2Cr13 na iya jure tsatsa ta ammonia bayan kashewa da dumamawa, kuma ƙarfen carbon da ke amfani da gas nitriding shima yana iya jure tsatsa ta ammonia, yayin da duk yadudduka na phosphorus-nickel plating ba su da juriya ga tsatsa ta ammonia, kuma kayan gas nitriding 38CrMOAIA yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga tsatsa da cikakken aiki, kuma galibi ana amfani da shi don yin bawul tushe.
(4) Jikin ƙaramin bawul mai siffar ma'auni da kuma ƙafafun hannu: Haka kuma sau da yawa ana yi masa fenti mai siffar chrome don inganta juriyarsa ta tsatsa da kuma ƙawata bawul ɗin.
4. Feshi mai zafi
Feshin zafi wani nau'in hanyar tsari ne na shirya rufin rufi, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sabbin fasahohi don kare saman abu. Hanya ce ta ƙarfafa saman rufi wadda ke amfani da hanyoyin zafi masu yawan kuzari (wutar konewa ta iskar gas, baka na lantarki, baka na plasma, dumama wutar lantarki, fashewar iskar gas, da sauransu) don dumama da narkewar ƙarfe ko kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba, sannan a fesa su zuwa saman tushe da aka riga aka yi wa magani a cikin nau'in atomization don samar da murfin feshi, ko kuma a dumama saman tushe a lokaci guda, don haka murfin ya sake narkewa a saman substrate don samar da tsarin ƙarfafa saman Layer na feshi.
Yawancin karafa da ƙarfen da ke cikinsu, yumbun ƙarfe mai ɗauke da sinadarin ƙarfe, haɗakar cermet da mahaɗan ƙarfe masu tauri za a iya shafa su a kan ƙarfe ko abubuwan da ba na ƙarfe ba ta hanyar fesawa ɗaya ko fiye na hanyoyin fesawa na zafi, wanda zai iya inganta juriyar tsatsa a saman, juriyar lalacewa, juriyar zafin jiki mai yawa da sauran halaye, da kuma tsawaita rayuwar sabis. Fesawar zafi musamman ta shafi aiki, tare da rufin zafi, rufi (ko wutar lantarki mara kyau), hatimin niƙa, shafawa kai, hasken zafi, kariyar lantarki da sauran halaye na musamman, amfani da fesawar zafi na iya gyara sassa.
5. Fesa fenti
Shafi abu ne da ake amfani da shi sosai wajen hana tsatsa, kuma abu ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci wajen hana tsatsa da kuma alamar ganowa a kan kayayyakin bawul. Shafi kuma abu ne da ba na ƙarfe ba, wanda yawanci ana yin sa ne da resin roba, roba, man kayan lambu, mai narkewa, da sauransu, wanda ke rufe saman ƙarfe, yana ware yanayin da kuma yanayi, da kuma cimma manufar hana tsatsa.
Ana amfani da fenti mai kauri a cikin ruwa, ruwan gishiri, ruwan teku, yanayi da sauran wurare waɗanda ba su da tsatsa sosai. Sau da yawa ana fentin ramin ciki na bawul ɗin da fenti mai hana tsatsa don hana ruwa, iska da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa su lalata bawul ɗin.
6. Ƙara masu hana tsatsa
Hanyar da masu hana tsatsa ke sarrafa tsatsa ita ce tana haɓaka rarrabuwar batirin. Ana amfani da masu hana tsatsa galibi a cikin kayan shafawa da kayan cikawa. Ƙara masu hana tsatsa zuwa ga kayan aiki na iya rage tsatsa na kayan aiki da bawuloli, kamar ƙarfe mai ƙarfe chromium-nickel a cikin acid mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen, babban kewayon narkewa zuwa yanayin ƙonawa, tsatsa ya fi tsanani, amma ƙara ƙaramin adadin jan ƙarfe sulfate ko nitric acid da sauran masu hana tsatsa, na iya sa ƙarfen ya zama mai laushi, saman fim ɗin kariya don hana tsatsa na matsakaici, a cikin hydrochloric acid, idan an ƙara ƙaramin adadin mai hana tsatsa, za a iya rage tsatsa na titanium.
Ana amfani da gwajin matsin lamba na bawul sau da yawa azaman hanyar gwajin matsin lamba, wanda ke da sauƙin haifar da tsatsabawul, da kuma ƙara ƙaramin adadin sodium nitrite a cikin ruwa na iya hana tsatsawar bawul ɗin ta hanyar ruwa. Kunshin Asbestos yana ɗauke da chloride, wanda ke lalata tushen bawul ɗin sosai, kuma ana iya rage yawan sinadarin chloride idan aka ɗauki hanyar wanke ruwan tururi, amma wannan hanyar tana da matuƙar wahala a aiwatar, kuma ba za a iya yaɗa ta ba gabaɗaya, kuma ta dace da buƙatu na musamman kawai.
Domin kare tushen bawul da kuma hana tsatsa na marufin asbestos, a cikin marufin asbestos, an shafa mai hana tsatsa da ƙarfe na hadaya a kan tushen bawul, mai hana tsatsa ya ƙunshi sodium nitrite da sodium chromate, wanda zai iya samar da fim ɗin passivation a saman marufin bawul da kuma inganta juriyar tsatsa na marufin bawul, kuma mai narkewa zai iya sa mai hana tsatsa a hankali ya narke ya taka rawar mai; A zahiri, zinc kuma mai hana tsatsa ne, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da chloride a cikin asbestos, don haka damar hulɗa da chloride da ƙarfe na marufin ya ragu sosai, don cimma manufar hana tsatsa.
7. Kariyar lantarki
Akwai nau'ikan kariyar lantarki guda biyu: kariyar anodic da kariyar cathodic. Idan ana amfani da zinc don kare ƙarfe, zinc yana lalacewa, ana kiran zinc da ƙarfe na hadaya, a aikin samarwa, ana amfani da ƙarancin kariyar anode, ana amfani da kariyar cathodic fiye da haka. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar kariyar cathodic don manyan bawuloli da mahimman bawuloli, wanda hanya ce mai araha, mai sauƙi kuma mai tasiri, kuma ana ƙara zinc a cikin marufin asbestos don kare tushen bawuloli.
8. Sarrafa muhallin da ke lalata muhalli
Abin da ake kira muhalli yana da nau'ikan fahimta mai faɗi guda biyu da kuma fahimta mai zurfi, fahimtar muhalli mai faɗi yana nufin muhallin da ke kewaye da wurin shigar da bawul da kuma hanyar zagayawarsa ta ciki, kuma fahimtar muhalli mai faɗi yana nufin yanayin da ke kewaye da wurin shigar da bawul.
Yawancin muhalli ba a iya sarrafa su ba, kuma ba za a iya canza hanyoyin samarwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Sai dai idan babu wata illa ga samfurin da tsarin sa, za a iya amfani da hanyar sarrafa muhalli, kamar cire iskar oxygen daga ruwan tukunya, ƙara alkali a cikin tsarin tace mai don daidaita ƙimar PH, da sauransu. Daga wannan mahangar, ƙara masu hana tsatsa da kariyar lantarki da aka ambata a sama suma hanya ce ta sarrafa muhallin da ke lalata iska.
Yanayin yana cike da ƙura, tururin ruwa da hayaki, musamman a yanayin samarwa, kamar hayakin sigari, iskar gas mai guba da foda mai laushi da kayan aiki ke fitarwa, wanda zai haifar da tsatsa daban-daban ga bawul ɗin. Mai aiki ya kamata ya riƙa tsaftacewa da tsaftace bawul ɗin akai-akai kuma ya sake cika mai bisa ga tanade-tanaden hanyoyin aiki, wanda hakan ma'auni ne mai tasiri don magance tsatsa ta muhalli. Sanya murfin kariya a kan bawul ɗin, sanya rijiyar ƙasa a kan bawul ɗin ƙasa, da fesa fenti a saman bawul ɗin duk hanyoyi ne na hana abubuwa masu lalata lalacewa.bawul.
Ƙara yawan zafin jiki da gurɓatar iska a muhalli, musamman ga kayan aiki da bawuloli a cikin muhallin da aka rufe, zai hanzarta tsatsarsu, kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da hanyoyin bita ko hanyoyin samun iska da sanyaya gwargwadon iko don rage tsatsawar muhalli.
9. Inganta fasahar sarrafawa da tsarin bawul
Kariyar hana lalatawa tabawulmatsala ce da aka yi la'akari da ita tun farkon ƙirar, kuma samfurin bawul mai ƙirar tsari mai ma'ana da kuma hanyar aiki mai kyau babu shakka zai yi tasiri mai kyau wajen rage tsatsa ta bawul. Saboda haka, ya kamata sashen ƙira da masana'antu ya inganta sassan da ba su da ma'ana a ƙirar tsari, ba daidai ba a hanyoyin aiki da kuma sauƙin haifar da tsatsa, don daidaita su da buƙatun yanayi daban-daban na aiki.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-22-2025
