Dubawa
Valvesamfuri ne mai mahimmanci a cikin injina gabaɗaya. An shigar da shi akan bututu ko na'urori daban-daban don sarrafa matsakaicin matsakaici ta hanyar canza tashar tashar a cikin bawul. Ayyukansa sune: haɗi ko yanke matsakaici, hana matsakaici daga komawa baya, daidaita sigogi kamar matsakaici da matsa lamba, canza madaidaicin matsakaici, rarraba matsakaici ko kare bututun da kayan aiki daga wuce gona da iri, da dai sauransu.
Akwai nau'ikan samfuran bawul da yawa, waɗanda aka raba subakin kofa, globe bawul,duba bawul, bawul bawul,malam buɗe ido, bawul ɗin toshe, bawul ɗin diaphragm, bawul ɗin aminci, bawul mai daidaitawa (bawul mai sarrafawa), bawul ɗin maƙura, matsa lamba rage bawul da tarkuna, da sauransu; Dangane da kayan, an raba shi zuwa gami da jan ƙarfe, simintin ƙarfe, carbon karfe, gami karfe, austenitic karfe, ferritic-austenitic dual-lokaci karfe, nickel na tushen gami, titanium gami, injiniya robobi da yumbu bawuloli, da dai sauransu Bugu da kari. , akwai bawuloli na musamman irin su ultra-high pressure valves, vacuum valves, bawul ɗin tashar wutar lantarki, bawul don bututun bututu da bututun, bawul don masana'antar nukiliya, bawul don jiragen ruwa da bawul ɗin cryogenic. Faɗin kewayon sigogin bawul, girman ƙididdiga daga DN1 (naúrar a cikin mm) zuwa DN9750; matsa lamba na nominal daga ultra-vacuum of 1× 10-10 mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322Pa) zuwa matsananci-high matsa lamba na PN14600 (naúrar 105 Pa); Matsakaicin zafin jiki na aiki yana fitowa daga matsanancin zafin jiki na -269℃zuwa ultra-high zafin jiki na 1200℃.
Valve kayayyakin ana amfani da su sosai a sassa daban-daban na tattalin arzikin kasa, kamar mai, iskar gas, tace mai da iskar gas da sarrafawa da tsarin sufurin bututu, kayayyakin sinadarai, tsarin samar da magunguna da abinci, makamashin ruwa, wutar lantarki da tsarin samar da makamashin nukiliya; Ana amfani da nau'ikan bawul iri-iri a cikin tsarin dumama da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki, tsarin samar da ƙarfe, tsarin ruwa don jiragen ruwa, motoci, jiragen sama da injinan wasanni daban-daban, da ban ruwa da tsarin magudanar ruwa don ƙasar noma. Bugu da kari, a fagen sabbin fasahohi kamar tsaro da sararin samaniya, ana kuma amfani da bawuloli daban-daban masu kaddarori na musamman.
Samfuran Valve suna lissafin ɗimbin kaso na samfuran injina. Bisa kididdigar da kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu na kasashen waje suka yi, yawan abin da ake fitarwa na bawul din ya kai kusan kashi 5% na yawan abin da ake fitarwa na masana'antar kera gaba daya. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, wata tashar makamashin nukiliya ta gargajiya da ta ƙunshi raka'a kilowatt miliyan biyu tana da kusan 28,000 na bawuloli, wanda kusan 12,000 na tsibiran nukiliya ne. Babban hadadden man petrochemical na zamani yana buƙatar dubban ɗaruruwan bawuloli daban-daban, kuma saka hannun jari a cikin bawuloli gabaɗaya ya kai kashi 8% zuwa 10% na jimlar jarin kayan aiki.
Babban yanayin masana'antar bawul a tsohuwar kasar Sin
01 Haihuwar masana'antar bawul ta kasar Sin: Shanghai
A tsohuwar kasar Sin, Shanghai ita ce wuri na farko da aka kera bawul a kasar Sin. A shekara ta 1902, Pan Shunji Copper Workshop, wanda ke kan titin Wuchang, gundumar Hongkou, a Shanghai, ya fara kera kananan bututun famfo ruwan shayi da hannu. Fautin ruwan shayi wani nau'in zakara ne da aka jefar. Shi ne farkon masana'antar bawul a China da aka sani zuwa yanzu. A 1919, Deda (Shengji) Hardware Factory (magabacin Shanghai Transmission Machinery Factory) ya fara daga wani karamin keke da kuma fara samar da kananan diamita na jan zakara, globe bawuloli, kofa bawuloli da wuta hydrants. An fara kera bawul ɗin ƙarfe na simintin gyare-gyare a cikin 1926, tare da matsakaicin girman girman NPS6 (a cikin inci, NPS1 = DN25.4). A wannan lokacin, masana'antun na'urori irin su Wang Yingqiang, Dahua, Lao Demao da Maoxu suma sun buɗe don kera bawul. Bayan haka, saboda karuwar buƙatun bututun famfo a kasuwa, wani rukuni na masana'antar kayan masarufi, masana'antar ƙarfe, masana'antar yashi (simintin) da masana'antar injin da aka buɗe don kera bawul ɗaya bayan ɗaya.
An kafa ƙungiyar kera bawul a yankunan Zhonghongqiao, Waihongqiao, Daming Road da Changzhi Road a gundumar Hongkou, Shanghai. A wancan lokacin, mafi kyawun sayar da kayayyaki a kasuwannin cikin gida sune "Horse Head", "Uku 8", "Uku 9", "Tsabar tsabar kudi biyu", "Iron Anchor", "Kaza Ball" da "Eagle Ball". Samfuran bawul ɗin simintin simintin ƙarfe da simintin ƙarfe galibi ana amfani da su don bututun famfo a cikin gine-gine da wuraren tsafta, kuma ana amfani da ƙaramin bawul ɗin simintin ƙarfe a cikin masana'antar masana'anta mai haske. Wadannan masana'antu ba su da yawa a cikin sikelin, tare da fasaha na baya, kayan aikin shuka masu sauƙi da ƙarancin bawul, amma su ne farkon farkon haifuwar masana'antar bawul na kasar Sin. Bayan haka, bayan kafa ƙungiyar kayan aikin gine-gine ta Shanghai, waɗannan masana'antun bawul sun shiga ƙungiyar ɗaya bayan ɗaya kuma sun zama ƙungiyar hanyoyin ruwa. memba.
02 Manyan masana'antar kera bawul guda biyu
A farkon 1930, Shanghai Shenhe Machinery Factory kerarre low-matsi jefa baƙin ƙarfe bawuloli bawuloli kasa NPS12 domin ruwa ayyukan. A 1935, da factory kafa hadin gwiwa kamfani tare da Xiangfeng Iron bututu Factory da Xiangtai Iron Co., Ltd. masu hannun jari don gina Daxin Iron Factory (magabacin Shanghai Keke Factory), a 1936 Kammala kuma sa a samar, akwai kusan 100 ma'aikata. , tare da shigo da 2.6 zhang (1 zhang≈3.33m) lathes da dagawa kayan aiki, yafi samar da masana'antu da kuma ma'adinai na'urorin haɗi, jefa baƙin ƙarfe ruwa bututu da kuma jefa baƙin ƙarfe bawuloli, da maras muhimmanci girman bawul ne NPS6 ~ NPS18, kuma Yana iya tsara da kuma samar da cikakken sets na bawuloli ga ruwa shuke-shuke, da kuma Ana fitar da kayayyakin zuwa Nanjing, Hangzhou da Beijing. Bayan “Agusta 13” mahara Japanawa sun mamaye Shanghai a 1937, yawancin masana'antar da kayan aikin da ke cikin masana'anta sun lalace ta hanyar harbin bindigogi na Japan. Shekara ta gaba ta ƙara jari kuma ta ci gaba da aiki. NPS14 ~ NPS36 sun jefa bawul ɗin ƙofar ƙarfe, amma saboda tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, sluggish business, da austerity layoffs, sun kasa murmurewa har jajibirin kafuwar New China.
A cikin 1935, masu hannun jari guda biyar ciki har da Li Chenghai, ɗan kasuwa na ƙasa, tare da kafa masana'antar ƙarfe ta Shenyang Chengfa (wanda ya riga ya zama masana'antar Tieling Valve Factory) akan titin Shishiwei, gundumar Nancheng, Shenyang City. Gyara da kera bawuloli. A cikin 1939, an ƙaura da masana'antar zuwa Titin Beierma, gundumar Tiexi don faɗaɗawa, kuma an gina manyan tarurrukan bita guda biyu don yin simintin gyare-gyare da injina. A shekara ta 1945, ya girma zuwa ma'aikata 400, kuma manyan samfuransa sune: manyan tukunyar jirgi, jefa bawul ɗin tagulla, da bawul ɗin ƙofofin simintin ƙarfe na ƙasa waɗanda girmansu bai wuce DN800 ba. Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory shine mai kera bawul da ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa a tsohuwar China.
03 The bawul masana'antu a baya
A lokacin yakin kin jinin Japan, kamfanoni da dama a Shanghai da sauran wurare sun koma kudu maso yammacin kasar, don haka yawan kamfanoni a Chongqing da sauran wurare na baya ya karu, kuma masana'antu sun fara bunkasa. A cikin 1943, masana'antar injina ta Chongqing Hongtai da masana'antar injin Huachang (duka biyu masana'antu sune magabatan masana'antar Chongqing Valve Factory) sun fara gyara da kera sassan bututun famfo da bawuloli masu ƙarancin ƙarfi, waɗanda suka taka rawa sosai wajen haɓaka samar da kayan aikin yaƙi a baya da warware farar hula. bawuloli. Bayan nasarar yaki da Jafananci, masana'antar Lisheng Hardware, Zhenxing Industrial Society, Jinshunhe Hardware Factory da Qiyi Hardware Factory a jere sun bude don samar da kananan bawuloli. Bayan kafuwar sabuwar kasar Sin, an hade wadannan masana'antu zuwa masana'antar Valve ta Chongqing.
A lokacin, wasumasu kera bawulA birnin Shanghai ya kuma tafi Tianjin da Nanjing da Wuxi don gina masana'antu don gyara da kera bawuloli. Wasu masana'antun na'urori, masana'antar bututun ƙarfe, masana'antar injina ko wuraren ajiyar jiragen ruwa a cikin Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, Qingdao, Wuhan, Fuzhou da Guangzhou kuma sun tsunduma cikin gyara da kera wasu bawul ɗin famfo.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-21-2022
