Bayani
Bawulsamfuri ne mai mahimmanci a cikin injuna gabaɗaya. Ana sanya shi akan bututu ko na'urori daban-daban don sarrafa kwararar matsakaici ta hanyar canza yankin tashar a cikin bawul ɗin. Ayyukansa sune: haɗawa ko yanke matsakaici, hana matsakaiciyar kwarara baya, daidaita sigogi kamar matsakaicin matsin lamba da kwarara, canza alkiblar kwararar matsakaici, raba matsakaici ko kare bututun da kayan aiki daga matsin lamba mai yawa, da sauransu.
Akwai nau'ikan samfuran bawuloli da yawa, waɗanda aka raba zuwabawul ɗin ƙofa, bawul ɗin duniya,bawul ɗin duba, bawul ɗin ƙwallo,bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, bawul ɗin toshewa, bawul ɗin diaphragm, bawul ɗin aminci, bawul ɗin sarrafawa (bawul ɗin sarrafawa), bawul ɗin matsi, bawul ɗin rage matsin lamba da Tarkuna, da sauransu; Dangane da kayan, an raba shi zuwa ƙarfe na jan ƙarfe, ƙarfe na siminti, ƙarfe na carbon, ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙarfe na austenitic, ƙarfe mai matakai biyu na ferritic-austenitic, ƙarfe mai tushen nickel, ƙarfe na titanium, filastik na injiniya da bawul ɗin yumbu, da sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, akwai bawuloli na musamman kamar bawuloli masu matsin lamba mai yawa, bawuloli masu injinan iska, bawuloli na tashar wutar lantarki, bawuloli na bututun mai da bututun mai, bawuloli na masana'antar nukiliya, bawuloli na jiragen ruwa da bawuloli masu ban tsoro. Jerin sigogin bawuloli masu faɗi, girman lamba daga DN1 (naúrar a cikin mm) zuwa DN9750; matsin lamba daga ultra-vacuum na 1× 10-10 mmHg (1mmHg = 133.322Pa) zuwa matsin lamba mai yawa na PN14600 (naúrar 105 Pa); Zafin aiki yana farawa daga ƙarancin zafin jiki na -269℃zuwa yanayin zafi mai tsanani na 1200℃.
Kayayyakin bawul ana amfani da su sosai a sassa daban-daban na tattalin arzikin ƙasa, kamar mai, iskar gas, tace mai da iskar gas da sarrafa shi da kuma jigilar bututun mai, kayayyakin sinadarai, tsarin samar da magunguna da abinci, wutar lantarki ta ruwa, tsarin samar da wutar lantarki ta zafi da makamashin nukiliya; Ana amfani da nau'ikan bawuloli daban-daban sosai a tsarin dumama da samar da wutar lantarki, tsarin samar da ƙarfe, tsarin ruwa na jiragen ruwa, motoci, jiragen sama da injunan wasanni daban-daban, da tsarin ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa don filayen noma. Bugu da ƙari, a fannonin sabbin fasahohi kamar tsaro da sararin samaniya, ana amfani da bawuloli daban-daban masu halaye na musamman.
Kayayyakin bawuloli suna da babban kaso na kayayyakin injiniya. A cewar kididdigar ƙasashen waje masu masana'antu, ƙimar fitarwa na bawuloli ya kai kusan kashi 5% na ƙimar fitarwa na masana'antar injina gaba ɗaya. A cewar ƙididdiga, wata tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya ta gargajiya wacce ta ƙunshi raka'a miliyan biyu na kilowatt tana da kusan bawuloli 28,000 da aka raba, waɗanda kusan 12,000 bawuloli ne na tsibiran nukiliya. Babban hadadden mai na zamani yana buƙatar ɗaruruwan dubban bawuloli daban-daban, kuma jarin da aka zuba a bawuloli gabaɗaya ya kai kashi 8% zuwa 10% na jimlar jarin da aka zuba a kayan aiki.
Yanayin da masana'antar bawul ke ciki a tsohuwar ƙasar Sin
01 Asalin masana'antar bawul ta China: Shanghai
A tsohuwar ƙasar Sin, Shanghai ita ce wuri na farko da aka fara ƙera bawuloli a ƙasar Sin. A shekarar 1902, Pan Shunji Copper Workshop, wanda ke kan titin Wuchang, gundumar Hongkou, Shanghai, ya fara ƙera ƙananan rukunin famfunan shayi da hannu. Famfon shayi wani nau'in zakara ne na jan ƙarfe. Ita ce masana'antar bawuloli ta farko da aka sani a ƙasar Sin zuwa yanzu. A shekarar 1919, Kamfanin Deda (Shengji) Hardware Factory (wanda ya riga Shanghai Transmission Machinery Factory) ya fara aiki daga ƙaramin keke kuma ya fara samar da ƙananan kurajen jan ƙarfe, bawuloli na duniya, bawuloli na ƙofa da kuma ruwan wuta. An fara ƙera bawuloli na ƙarfe a shekarar 1926, tare da matsakaicin girman NPS6 (inci, NPS1 = DN25.4). A wannan lokacin, masana'antun kayan aiki kamar Wang Yingqiang, Dahua, Lao Demao da Maoxu suma sun buɗe don ƙera bawuloli. Daga baya, saboda karuwar bukatar bawuloli na famfo a kasuwa, wani rukunin masana'antun kayan aiki, masana'antun ƙarfe, masana'antun sarrafa yashi (siminti) da masana'antun injina sun buɗe don kera bawuloli ɗaya bayan ɗaya.
An kafa ƙungiyar ƙera bawuloli a yankunan Zhonghongqiao, Waihongqiao, Daming Road da Changzhi Road a gundumar Hongkou, Shanghai. A wancan lokacin, samfuran da suka fi sayarwa a kasuwar cikin gida sune "Dokin Kai", "Three 8″, "Three 9″, "Double Coin", "Iron Anchor", "Chicken Ball" da "Eagle Ball". Ana amfani da kayayyakin bawuloli na tagulla da baƙin ƙarfe masu ƙarancin ƙarfi don bawuloli na famfo a gine-gine da wuraren tsafta, kuma ana amfani da ƙaramin adadin bawuloli na ƙarfe a ɓangaren masana'antar yadi mai sauƙi. Waɗannan masana'antu ƙanana ne sosai, tare da fasahar baya, kayan aiki masu sauƙi na masana'antu da ƙarancin fitarwa na bawuloli, amma su ne farkon wurin da masana'antar bawuloli ta China ta samo asali. Daga baya, bayan kafa Ƙungiyar Kayan Aikin Gine-gine ta Shanghai, waɗannan masana'antun bawuloli sun shiga ƙungiyar ɗaya bayan ɗaya kuma suka zama memba na ƙungiyar hanyoyin ruwa.
02 Manyan masana'antun kera bawuloli guda biyu
A farkon shekarar 1930, masana'antar kera motoci ta Shanghai Shenhe ta ƙera bawuloli masu ƙarancin matsin lamba a ƙasa da NPS12 don ayyukan ruwa. A shekarar 1935, masana'antar ta kafa haɗin gwiwa da masana'antar bututun ƙarfe ta Xiangfeng da masu hannun jari na Xiangtai Iron Co., Ltd. don gina masana'antar ƙarfe ta Daxin (wadda ta gabaci masana'antar kekuna ta Shanghai), a shekarar 1936. An kammala kuma an fara samarwa, akwai ma'aikata kusan 100, tare da shigo da zhang 2.6 (zhang 1).≈3.33m) na'urorin lathes da lifting, galibi suna samar da kayan haɗin masana'antu da haƙar ma'adinai, bututun ruwa na ƙarfe da bawuloli na ƙarfe, girman bawul ɗin shine NPS6 ~ NPS18, kuma yana iya tsara da samar da cikakkun saitin bawuloli na masana'antar ruwa, kuma ana fitar da kayayyakin zuwa Nanjing, Hangzhou da Beijing. Bayan mamayar Japan "13 ga Agusta" ta mamaye Shanghai a 1937, yawancin masana'antar da kayan aikin da ke cikin masana'antar sun lalace sakamakon gobarar manyan bindigogin Japan. A shekara mai zuwa, an ƙara yawan jari kuma an ci gaba da aiki. Bawuloli na ƙofar ƙarfe na NPS14 ~ NPS36, amma saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki, rashin aiki mai kyau, da kuma korar ma'aikata daga aiki, ba su sami damar murmurewa ba har zuwa jajibirin kafa sabuwar ƙasar Sin.
A shekarar 1935, masu hannun jari guda biyar ciki har da Li Chenghai, wani ɗan kasuwa na ƙasa, sun haɗu suka kafa masana'antar ƙarfe ta Shenyang Chengfa (magabacin masana'antar Tieling Valve Factory) a kan titin Shishiwei, gundumar Nancheng, birnin Shenyang. Gyara da ƙera bawuloli. A shekarar 1939, an mayar da masana'antar zuwa titin Beierma, gundumar Tiexi don faɗaɗawa, kuma an gina manyan bita guda biyu don yin siminti da injina. Zuwa shekarar 1945, ta girma zuwa ma'aikata 400, kuma manyan kayayyakinta sune: manyan tukunyar ruwa, bawuloli na tagulla da aka yi siminti, da bawuloli na ƙofar ƙarfe da aka yi siminti a ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda girmansu bai kai DN800 ba. Masana'antar ƙarfe ta Shenyang Chengfa masana'anta ce da ke fafutukar rayuwa a tsohuwar ƙasar Sin.
03 Masana'antar bawul a baya
A lokacin Yaƙin Jafananci, kamfanoni da yawa a Shanghai da wasu wurare sun ƙaura zuwa kudu maso yamma, don haka adadin kamfanoni a Chongqing da sauran wurare a yankin baya ya ƙaru, kuma masana'antar ta fara bunƙasa. A shekarar 1943, Masana'antar Kayan Aiki ta Chongqing Hongtai da Masana'antar Kayan Aiki ta Huachang (duka masana'antu sun kasance magabatan Masana'antar Bawul ta Chongqing) sun fara gyara da ƙera sassan bututu da bawuloli masu ƙarancin matsin lamba, waɗanda suka taka rawa sosai wajen haɓaka samar da kayan aiki a baya da kuma magance bawuloli na farar hula. Bayan nasarar Yaƙin Jafananci, Masana'antar Kayan Aiki ta Lisheng, Ƙungiyar Masana'antu ta Zhenxing, Masana'antar Kayan Aiki ta Jinshunhe da Masana'antar Kayan Aiki ta Qiyi sun buɗe a jere don samar da ƙananan bawuloli. Bayan kafa Sabuwar China, an haɗa waɗannan masana'antu zuwa Masana'antar Bawul ta Chongqing.
A lokacin, wasuMasu kera bawula Shanghai kuma sun je Tianjin, Nanjing da Wuxi don gina masana'antu don gyara da ƙera bawuloli. Wasu masana'antun kayan aiki, masana'antun bututun ƙarfe, masana'antun injina ko wuraren jigilar kaya a Beijing, Dalian, Changchun, Harbin, Anshan, Qingdao, Wuhan, Fuzhou da Guangzhou suma sun shiga cikin gyara da ƙera wasu bawuloli na famfo.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-21-2022
