Tarihin ci gaban masana'antar bawul na kasar Sin (2)

Matsayin farko na masana'antar bawul (1949-1959)

01Shirya don yiwa tattalin arzikin kasa hidima

Lokacin daga 1949 zuwa 1952 shine lokacin farfado da tattalin arzikin kasata.Saboda bukatun gine-ginen tattalin arziki, kasar na bukatar gaggawa mai yawabawuloli, ba kawaiƙananan bawuloli, amma kuma wani nau'in bawul din matsa lamba masu tsayi da matsakaici wadanda ba a kera su ba a lokacin.Yadda za a tsara samar da bawul don biyan bukatun gaggawa na kasar aiki ne mai nauyi da wuyar gaske.

1. Jagora da tallafawa samarwa

Dangane da manufar “haɓaka noma, da bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi, la’akari da jama’a da masu zaman kansu, da cin gajiyar ƙwadago da jari”, gwamnatin jama’a ta ɗauki hanyar sarrafawa da ba da oda, tare da ba da ƙwarin gwiwa na tallafawa matsakaitan masana’antu masu zaman kansu da kanana. sake buɗewa da samar da bawuloli.A jajibirin kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, daga karshe masana'antar sarrafa karafa ta Shenyang Chengfa ta rufe kasuwancinta saboda dimbin basussukan da ake bin ta, kuma babu kasuwar kayayyakin da take bi, inda ma'aikata 7 kawai suka bar aikin gadin masana'antar, tare da sayar da na'urori 14 don kula da masana'antar. kashe kudi.Bayan kafuwar sabuwar kasar Sin, tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin jama'a, masana'antar ta dawo da aikinta, kuma adadin ma'aikata a wannan shekarar ya karu daga 7 zuwa 96 a lokacin da aka fara aiki.Daga baya, masana'antar ta karɓi sarrafa kayan aiki daga Kamfanin Injin Hardware na Shenyang, kuma samarwa ya ɗauki sabon salo.Yawan ma'aikata ya karu zuwa 329, tare da fitar da nau'ikan bawuloli daban-daban guda 610 a duk shekara, wanda darajarsa ta kai yuan 830,000.A daidai wannan lokacin a birnin Shanghai, ba wai kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da suka samar da bawul din sun sake budewa ba, amma tare da farfado da tattalin arzikin kasa, an bude ko kuma canja wurin manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zuwa kera bawul, lamarin da ya sanya kungiyar hada-hadar kayan gini ta kasa aiki a matsayin kungiyar. wancan lokacin yana fadada da sauri.

2. Hadaddiyar sayayya da tallace-tallace, tsara samar da bawul

Tare da ɗimbin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ke juya zuwa samar da bawul, ƙungiyar kayan aikin gine-gine ta Shanghai ta asali ta kasa cika buƙatun ci gaba.A shekara ta 1951, masana'antun bawul na Shanghai sun kafa kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa guda 6 don gudanar da ayyukan sarrafawa da oda na tashar sayayya ta Shanghai na Kamfanin Injin Hardware na kasar Sin, da aiwatar da sayayya da tallace-tallace tare.Misali, Daxin Iron Works, wanda ke gudanar da aikin manyan bawuloli masu karamin karfi, da masana'antar injinan Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong da Lianggong, wadanda ke aikin kera bawul da matsakaitan matsakaita, dukkansu suna samun tallafi daga kamfanin Shanghai. Ofishin kula da ayyukan jama'a na karamar hukumar, da ma'aikatar masana'antu ta gabashin kasar Sin da babban mai na tsakiya.A karkashin jagorancin Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur na Ma'aikatar Masana'antu, ana aiwatar da oda kai tsaye, sannan a koma ga umarnin sarrafawa.Gwamnatin jama'a ta taimaka wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su shawo kan matsalolin samarwa da tallace-tallace ta hanyar hadaddiyar manufofin saye da tallace-tallace, da farko canza yanayin tattalin arziki na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma inganta sha'awar samar da masu kasuwanci da ma'aikata, wadanda ke da koma baya a fannin fasaha, kayan aiki. da kuma yanayin masana'anta A karkashin yanayi, ya samar da adadi mai yawa na samfuran bawul don manyan masana'antu kamar masana'antar wutar lantarki, masana'antar karfe da filayen mai don ci gaba da samarwa.

3. Ci gaba don maido da ayyukan gina tattalin arzikin kasa

A cikin shirin na shekaru biyar na farko, jihar ta gano wasu muhimman ayyukan gine-gine guda 156, inda aikin maido da filin mai na Yumen da na Anshan Iron da Karfe, manyan ayyuka ne guda biyu.Domin ci gaba da aikin hakar mai a Yumen da wuri-wuri, ofishin kula da harkokin man fetur na ma'aikatar kula da albarkatun man fetur ya shirya aikin samar da sassan injinan mai a birnin Shanghai.Kamfanin na Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory da sauransu sun gudanar da aikin gwaji-samar da wani nau'i na matsakaicin matsa lamba karfe bawuloli.Yana yiwuwa a yi tunanin wahalar samar da gwaji-matsakaici bawul ta hanyar ƙananan masana'antu irin na bita.Wasu nau'ikan za a iya kwaikwaya ne kawai bisa ga samfuran da masu amfani suka bayar, kuma ana bincika ainihin abubuwan kuma an tsara su.Tun da ingancin simintin ƙarfe bai yi kyau ba, asalin simintin ƙarfe na bawul ɗin bawul ɗin dole ne a canza shi zuwa ƙirƙira.A wancan lokacin, babu wani mutun hakowa don sarrafa ramin da aka yi amfani da shi na jikin bawul ɗin duniya, don haka za a iya haƙa shi da hannu kawai, sa'an nan kuma a gyara shi ta hanyar mai amfani.Bayan shawo kan matsaloli da yawa, a ƙarshe mun sami nasarar samar da gwaji na NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 matsakaicin matsa lamba na ƙofar ƙarfe da bawuloli na duniya, waɗanda masu amfani suka karɓa sosai.A cikin rabin na biyu na shekarar 1952, Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong da sauran masana'antu sun gudanar da aikin yin gwaji da kuma samar da dumbin bawuloli na simintin man fetur.A lokacin, ana amfani da zane-zane da ka'idoji na Soviet, kuma masu fasaha sun koyi ta hanyar yin aiki, kuma sun shawo kan matsalolin da yawa a cikin samarwa.Ma'aikatar Man Fetur ta kasar Sin ce ta shirya gwajin gwajin da aka yi na simintin karfe na Shanghai, sannan kuma ya samu hadin gwiwar masana'antu daban-daban a birnin Shanghai.Masana'antar Asiya (yanzu masana'antar Gyara Injin Shanghai) ta ba da simintin ƙarfe wanda ya cika buƙatun, kuma masana'antar tukunyar jirgi ta Sifang ta taimaka wajen fashewa.A ƙarshe gwajin ya yi nasara a cikin gwajin samar da simintin ƙarfe na bawul ɗin simintin gyare-gyare, kuma nan da nan ya shirya samar da yawan jama'a tare da aika shi zuwa Yumen Oilfield don amfani akan lokaci.A lokaci guda, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works da Shanghai Daxin Iron Works suma sun bayarƙananan bawulolitare da manyan masu girma dabam na masana'antar wutar lantarki, Anshan Iron da Karfe Company don ci gaba da samarwa da gine-ginen birane.

A lokacin farfado da tattalin arzikin kasa, masana'antar bawul na kasata ta bunkasa cikin sauri.A cikin 1949, abin da aka fitar da bawul ɗin ya kasance 387t kawai, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa 1015t a 1952. A fasaha, ya sami damar kera bawul ɗin ƙarfe na ƙarfe da ƙananan bawuloli masu ƙarfi, waɗanda ba kawai samar da bawul ɗin da suka dace don dawo da tattalin arzikin ƙasa ba, amma Har ila yau, ya kafa tushe mai kyau ga ci gaban masana'antar bawul na kasar Sin a nan gaba.

02Masana'antar bawul ta fara

A shekarar 1953, kasata ta fara shirinta na shekaru biyar na farko, kuma bangarorin masana'antu kamar su man fetur, masana'antar sinadarai, karafa, wutar lantarki da kwal duk sun kara saurin ci gaba.A wannan lokacin, buƙatar bawuloli suna ninka.A wancan lokacin, duk da cewa akwai adadi mai yawa na kananan masana'antu masu zaman kansu da ke samar da bawul, amma karfinsu na fasaha ya yi rauni, kayan aikinsu sun tsufa, masana'antunsu masu sauki ne, ma'auninsu ya yi kadan, kuma sun watse.Domin saduwa da buƙatun saurin bunƙasa tattalin arzikin ƙasa, Ma'aikatar Masana'antu ta Farko (wanda ake magana da ita a matsayin Ma'aikatar Injin Farko) ta ci gaba da sake tsarawa da canza masana'antu masu zaman kansu na asali da fadada samar da bawul.A lokaci guda, akwai tsare-tsare da matakai don gina kashin baya da maɓalli masu mahimmanci.Kasuwanci, masana'antar bawul ta ƙasata ta fara farawa.

1. Sake tsara masana'antar bawul na biyu a Shanghai

Bayan kafuwar sabuwar kasar Sin, jam'iyyar ta aiwatar da manufar "amfani, takaitawa da sauyi" ga masana'antun jari-hujja da kasuwanci.

Ya bayyana cewa akwai kananan masana'antar bawul guda 60 ko 70 a birnin Shanghai.Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan masana'antu kawai yana da mutane 20 zuwa 30, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta yana da mutane kaɗan ne kawai.Kodayake waɗannan masana'antun bawul suna samar da bawul, fasaharsu da sarrafa su suna da baya sosai, kayan aiki da gine-ginen masana'anta suna da sauƙi, kuma hanyoyin samarwa suna da sauƙi.Wasu kawai suna da kayan aikin lathes ko bel guda ɗaya kawai, kuma akwai wasu murhun wuta don yin simintin gyare-gyare, yawancin su da hannu ake sarrafa su., ba tare da iyawar ƙira da kayan gwaji ba.Wannan halin da ake ciki bai dace da samar da zamani ba, kuma ba zai iya biyan bukatun da aka tsara na samar da jihar ba, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a sarrafa ingancin samfurori na bawul.Don haka, gwamnatin birnin Shanghai ta kafa wani kamfani na hadin gwiwa tare da masu kera bawul a birnin Shanghai, tare da kafa manyan bututun mai na Shanghai No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 da dai sauransu. tsakiya Enterprises.Haɗuwa da abin da ke sama, gudanarwa ta tsakiya dangane da fasaha da inganci, wanda ya haɗa da rarrabawa da rikice-rikice, don haka yana ƙarfafa sha'awar yawancin ma'aikata don gina zamantakewar zamantakewa, wannan shine farkon babban sake fasalin masana'antar bawul.

Bayan haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin 1956, masana'antar bawul a Shanghai ta yi gyare-gyare na biyu da gyare-gyaren masana'antu a babban sikeli, kuma an kafa kamfanoni masu ƙwararru irin su Kamfanin Hardware na Shanghai, Kamfanin Samar da Sassan Injin Man Fetur da Kamfanin Injin Janar.Kamfanin bawul wanda ke da alaƙa da masana'antar kayan aikin gini ya kafa Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, da Xie ta yanki.Akwai kusan masana'antu na tsakiya 20 a Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, da dai sauransu. Kowace masana'anta tana da masana'antar tauraron dan adam da yawa a ƙarƙashin ikonta.An kafa reshen jam’iyya da ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta tushen ciyawa a cibiyar ta tsakiya.Gwamnati ta nada wakilan jama'a don jagorantar ayyukan gudanarwa, da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyin samar da kayayyaki, da samar da kuɗi, da kuma aiwatar da hanyoyin gudanarwa a hankali irin na kamfanoni na gwamnati.A sa'i daya kuma, yankin Shenyang ya kuma hade kananan masana'antu 21 zuwa ChengfaGate ValveMasana'anta.Tun daga wannan lokacin, jihar ta shigo da samar da kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu a cikin tsarin tsare-tsare na kasa ta hanyar hukumomin gudanarwa a kowane mataki, kuma ta tsara tare da tsara samar da bawul.Wannan wani sauyi ne na sarrafa sarrafa kamfanonin bawul tun kafuwar sabuwar kasar Sin.

2. Shenyang General Machinery Factory canza zuwa bawul samar

A daidai lokacin da ake sake tsara kamfanonin kera bawul a birnin Shanghai, sashen sarrafa injuna na farko ya raba kayayyakin da ake samarwa na kowace masana'anta da ke da alaka kai tsaye, tare da fayyace yadda kwararrun masana'antun ke da alaka da su kai tsaye da manyan masana'antu mallakar gwamnati.Shenyang General Machinery Factory an canza shi zuwa ƙwararrun masana'anta bawul.kamfani.Wanda ya gabace wannan masana'anta shi ne ofishin babban kamfani na babban birnin kasar da kuma masana'anta na Jafananci Dechang.Bayan kafuwar sabuwar kasar Sin, masana'antar ta fi samar da kayan aikin injin iri daban-daban da hada-hadar bututu.A shekara ta 1953, ya fara samar da kayan aikin katako.A cikin 1954, lokacin da yake ƙarƙashin kulawar Ofishin Farko na Ma'aikatar Injiniya, yana da ma'aikata 1,585 da 147 na injuna da kayan aiki daban-daban.Kuma yana da ƙarfin samar da ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe, kuma ƙarfin fasaha yana da ƙarfi sosai.Tun daga 1955, don daidaitawa da ci gaban tsarin kasa, a fili ya canza zuwa samar da bawul, ya sake gina ainihin aikin ƙarfe, haɗawa, kayan aiki, gyaran injina da wuraren aikin simintin ƙarfe, gina sabon bita na riveting da walda, da kuma kafa wani kamfani mai zaman kansa. dakin gwaje-gwaje na tsakiya da tashar tabbatar da awoyi.An tura wasu masu fasaha daga Shenyang Pump Factory.A cikin 1956, 837t naƙananan bawuloliaka samar, da kuma taro samar da high da matsakaici matsa lamba bawuloli fara.A 1959, 4213t na bawuloli da aka samar, ciki har da 1291t na high da matsakaici matsa lamba bawuloli.A cikin 1962, an sake masa suna Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antar kashin baya a masana'antar bawul.

3. Ƙimar farko na samar da bawul

A farkon kafuwar sabuwar kasar Sin, an magance samar da bawul din kasata ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da kuma fadace-fadace.A cikin lokacin “Great Leap Forward”, masana'antar bawul ta ƙasata ta sami ƙarshen samarwa na farko.Fitowar Valve: 387t a 1949, 8126t a 1956, 49746t a 1959, sau 128.5 fiye da na 1949, da sau 6.1 na 1956 lokacin da aka kafa haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu.Samar da manyan bawul ɗin matsa lamba da matsakaita ya fara a makare, kuma an fara samar da yawan jama'a a cikin 1956, tare da fitowar shekara-shekara na 175t.A cikin 1959, abin da aka fitar ya kai 1799t, wanda ya ninka sau 10.3 na 1956. Saurin ci gaban gine-ginen tattalin arzikin ƙasa ya haɓaka babban ci gaba na masana'antar bawul.A cikin 1955, masana'antar bawul ta Shanghai Lianggong ta yi nasarar yin gwajin bawul ɗin bishiyar Kirsimeti don Filin Mai na Yumen;Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa da sauran inji masana'antu gwajin-samar da simintin karfe, ƙirƙira karfe matsakaici da high matsa lamba bawuloli da nominal matsa lamba ga man filayen da taki shuke-shuke High-matsi taki bawuloli na PN160 da PN320;Shenyang General Machinery Factory da Suzhou Iron Factory (magabacin Suzhou Valve Factory) nasarar gwaji-samar da high-matsi bawuloli ga Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation ta taki factory;Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yayi nasarar yin gwaji-samar da bawul ɗin ƙofar lantarki tare da girman girman DN3000.Shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi nauyi a kasar Sin a lokacin;Shenyang General Machinery Factory yayi nasarar gwaji-samar da matsananci-high matsa lamba bawuloli tare da maras muhimmanci masu girma dabam na DN3 ~ DN10 da maras muhimmanci matsa lamba na PN1500 ~ PN2000 ga high-matsi polyethylene matsakaici gwajin na'urar;Kamfanin masana'antar ƙarfe na Shanghai Daxin da aka samar don masana'antar ƙarfe mai zafi mai zafi mai zafi tare da girman ƙimar DN600 da bawul ɗin flue na DN900;Kamfanin Dalian Valve Factory, Wafangdian Valve Factory, da sauransu kuma sun sami ci gaba cikin sauri.Ƙara yawan nau'o'in nau'i da yawa na bawul sun inganta ci gaban masana'antar bawul.Musamman tare da bukatun gine-gine na masana'antar "Great Leap Forward", ƙananan masana'antun bawul da matsakaici sun karu a duk faɗin ƙasar.A shekara ta 1958, kamfanonin samar da bawul na ƙasa sun sami kusan ɗari ɗaya, suna samar da babbar ƙungiyar samar da bawul.A cikin 1958, jimillar kayan aikin bawul ɗin ya tashi zuwa 24,163t, haɓakar 80% akan 1957;A cikin wannan lokacin, samar da bawul na ƙasata ya sami kololuwar farko.Duk da haka, saboda ƙaddamar da masana'antun bawul, ya kuma kawo jerin matsaloli.Misali: kawai bin yawa, ba inganci ba;"yin kananan da yin manyan, hanyoyin gida", rashin yanayin fasaha;zane yayin yin, rashin daidaitattun ra'ayoyi;kwafi da kwafi, yana haifar da rudani na fasaha.Saboda manufofinsu daban-daban, kowannensu yana da tsarin salo daban-daban.Kalmomin bawuloli ba daidai ba ne a wurare daban-daban, kuma matsa lamba na ƙima da jerin girman ƙima ba iri ɗaya ba ne.Wasu masana'antu suna magana ne akan matsayin Soviet, wasu suna nufin ka'idodin Jafananci, wasu kuma suna nufin matsayin Amurka da Burtaniya.Rudewa sosai.Dangane da nau'ikan nau'ikan, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, girman haɗin kai, tsayin tsari, yanayin gwaji, matakan gwaji, alamomin fenti, na zahiri da sinadarai, da ma'auni, da sauransu. ba a tabbatar da shi ba, abin da ake fitarwa bai tashi ba, kuma amfanin tattalin arziki ba a inganta ba.Halin da ake ciki a wancan lokacin ya kasance "watsewa, rikice-rikice, 'yan kaɗan, da ƙananan", wato, masana'antun bawul da suka warwatse a ko'ina, tsarin gudanarwa na rikice-rikice, rashin daidaituwa na fasaha da ƙayyadaddun bayanai, da ƙananan samfurin.Domin a sauya wannan lamarin, jihar ta yanke shawarar tsara ma'aikatan da suka dace don gudanar da binciken samar da kayayyaki na kasabawulmasana'antu.

4. Binciken samar da bawul na farko na ƙasa

Don gano yanayin samar da bawul, a cikin 1958, Ofishin Farko da Na Uku na Sashen Injin Farko sun shirya binciken samar da bawul na ƙasa.Tawagar binciken ta je yankuna 4 da birane 24 a arewa maso gabashin kasar Sin, da arewacin kasar Sin, da gabashin kasar Sin da kuma tsakiyar kudancin kasar Sin, domin gudanar da cikakken bincike kan masana'antun bawul guda 90.Wannan shi ne binciken bawul na farko a fadin kasar tun bayan kafuwar jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin.A wancan lokacin, binciken ya mai da hankali ne akan masana'antun bawuna tare da manyan nau'ikan kayan ƙarfe, kamar Shenyang Chengfa na Iron, da Shenyang Chengfa na Iron, Sizhou Iron Factor, da Dalian baƙin ƙarfe.Factory, Beijing Hardware Material Factory (magabacin Beijing bawul Factory), Wafangdian bawul Factory, Chongqing bawul Factory, da dama bawul masana'antun a Shanghai da Shanghai bututun Canja 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 da kuma 6 masana'antu, da dai sauransu.

Ta hanyar binciken, an gano ainihin matsalolin da ke cikin samar da bawul:

1) Rashin cikakken shiri da ma'amala mai ma'ana, yana haifar da maimaita samarwa da kuma shafar iyawar samarwa.

2) Ma'auni na samfurin bawul ba a haɗa su ba, wanda ya haifar da babban rashin jin daɗi ga zaɓin mai amfani da kiyayewa.

3) Tushen ma'auni da aikin dubawa ba shi da kyau, kuma yana da wuya a tabbatar da ingancin samfuran bawul da samar da taro.

Dangane da matsalolin da ke sama, tawagar binciken ta gabatar da matakai uku ga ma'aikatu da ofisoshin, da suka hada da karfafa tsarin gaba daya, rabon ma'aikata, da tsara daidaiton samarwa da tallace-tallace;ƙarfafa daidaituwa da aikin bincike na jiki da sinadarai, tsara ƙa'idodin bawul ɗin da aka haɗa;da gudanar da bincike na gwaji.1. Shugabannin ofishin na 3 sun ba da muhimmanci sosai ga wannan.Da farko, sun mayar da hankali kan aikin daidaitawa.Sun ba wa Cibiyar Binciken Fasahar Kera Injiniya ta Ma'aikatar Farko ta Ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin tsara abubuwan da suka dace don samar da ka'idodin na'urorin bututun bututun da ma'aikatar ta ba su, waɗanda aka aiwatar a cikin masana'antar a cikin 1961. Don jagorantar ƙirar bawul na kowace masana'anta. Cibiyar ta tattara kuma ta buga littafin "Valve Design Manual".Daidaitaccen na'urorin haɗi na bututun da ma'aikatar ta fitar shine rukuni na farko na matakan bawul a cikin ƙasata, kuma "Manual Design Manual" shine bayanan fasaha na ƙirar bawul na farko da kanmu muka haɗa, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta matakin ƙirar bawul. samfura a cikin ƙasata.Ta hanyar wannan bincike na kasa baki daya, an gano bakin zaren ci gaban masana'antar bawul na kasata a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, kuma an dauki matakai masu inganci da inganci don kawar da rudani na kwaikwayar samar da bawul da rashin daidaito.Fasahar masana'antu ta ɗauki babban mataki na gaba kuma ta fara shiga wani sabon mataki na ƙirar kai da kuma tsarin samar da taro.

03 Taƙaitaccen

Daga 1949 zuwa 1959, kasar tabawulda sauri masana'antu sun dawo daga cikin tsohuwar kasar Sin kuma suka fara farawa;daga gyare-gyare, kwaikwayo zuwa na kaidesign da ƙera, daga ƙera ƙananan bawuloli zuwa samar da manyan bawuloli masu tsayi da matsakaici, da farko sun kafa masana'antar kera bawul.Koyaya, saboda saurin haɓakar saurin samarwa, akwai kuma wasu matsaloli.Tun lokacin da aka shigar da shi cikin tsarin kasa, a karkashin jagorancin Ma'aikatar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta farko, an gano musabbabin matsalar ta hanyar bincike da bincike, kuma an dauki matakai masu inganci da inganci don ba da damar samar da bawul don ci gaba. tare da saurin gina tattalin arzikin ƙasa, da kuma haɓaka masana'antar bawul.Kuma kafa kungiyoyin masana'antu ya kafa tushe mai kyau.